Business Capsules

Most people assume the profit is in the console on the shelf, but makers often sell that hardware at a loss or break-even. The real money comes from software licensing, digital sales, and add-ons like downloadable content and battle passes. Seeing this reframes how games are designed and monetized long before you hit buy.

Some businesses keep customers for decades while competitors with identical products bleed them away. The types of advantage at play, from switching costs and network effects to workflow lock-in and hard financial tests like return on invested capital, get valued very differently: what one camp calls a durable moat another calls easily copied. Judging which advantages actually hold up tells you where to build, or where to invest.